The Awakening Study Questions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1048 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: The Awakening Essay Did you like this example? The Awakening Study Questions Chapter 1: Question 7- What indications are there that the Pontellier marriage is strained? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Awakening Study Questions" essay for you Create order The only time Leonce and Edna ever speak is in passing. He takes her for granted, and sees her as a small part of his orderly world. Chapter 2: Question 3- What shift of point of view is evident in chapter 2? Edna has the most distinct change in point of view in chapter 2. In chapter 1 you see Edna passing her time with a young man, but Mr. Pontellier isnt worried and rather bored of his wifes flirtatious actions. Mr. Pontellier pushes away his two children and leaves his wife to her own devices, not caring if she is flirting with another man or not. But in chapter 2, Edna has settled into more of a family routine that is calm and settled, the only issue is that its not with her husband but rather the young man she has a crush on. Chapter 4: Question 1- Describe the unusual nature of the relationship between Edna and her children. The relationship that Edna has with her children isnt that of the traditional sense. Edna doesnt show much interest in her children, and they have gotten use to not going to her when they need help. The children have learned that they will have to take care of themselves with little help from a nurse. Edna doesnt show any outward displays of affection towards her children. She is not a mother and doesnt want to be. Chapter 5: Question 2- What is the difference between Roberts present attentions to Edna and his past attentions to Adele Ratignolle? The difference between Roberts present attention with Edna and his past attention with Adele is that Adele never took Robert seriously, while Edna does. Edna isnt comfortable with Roberts actions towards her. When he leans his head on her arm not once but twice, she cant help but feel discomfort towards him. Shes in a situation that she never wanted to be in, but one that she was expected to be in. Chapter 7: Question 5- What do you learn about Edna as a person, given the reasons for her marriage to Leonce? Edna has had fantasies of love, but she has been disappointed in some way when it comes to her marriage with Leonce. She only married him because her family expected her to, not because she chose to. Although she knew that this was a practical decision, she had a rebellious streak when it came to her marriage. She knows she must walk this path, idly, aimlessly, unthinking, and unguided. Chapter 10: Question 3- How does Edna respond to swimming successfully for the first time? What happens that can be considered symbolism or foreshadowing?   The entire summer Edna attempted swimming but was never successful. She had several instructors, but no success. The night she swims for the first time successfully she is overjoyed, and feels a sense of freedom and power with it. She ends up swimming to far out, and suddenly the possibility of deaths overcomes her before she returns to the shore. This could symbolize the danger of straying to far away from the path. Chapter 14: Question 1- What is Là ©onces reaction when Edna does not return with the others? What does this show you about their marriage? He begins to worry about her, but then is reassured of her safety by Adele. After that he leaves for Kleins to discuss business. The fact that he shows little concern for the absence of his wife proves that he is very indifferent about what she does. Chapter 17: Question 3- What is the purpose of Ednas Tuesday at home? How does this change after she returns from Grand Isle, and how does this fit into the theme of rebellion? The Tuesday at home is a social convention, a time to receive visitors of social and business importance. A few weeks after returning from the Grand Isle Edna decides to stop receiving visitors with no explanation, other than I simply felt like going out, and I went out. After following this custom for six years, she decides to rebel against the demands of society and do what she wants to do. Chapter 22: Question 1- How do the actions and comments of Leonce and Doctor Mandelet illustrate the following theme: that men cannot understand women? Leonce complains to the doctor that Edna has some sort of notion in her head concerning the eternal rights of women. He also explains to the doctor that him and Edna havent slept together in some time. The doctor blames the possibility of pseudo-intellectual women for Ednas recent behavior. When the doctor proposes the idea of a possible genetic defect, Leonce reassures him the he checked Ednas family lineage before he married her. Both men are patronizing and seeing women as strange creatures who are moody and whimsical. Neither man appears to understand Edna and what she is going through. Chapter 30: Question 3- Describe the setting for the dinner, the table, the furnishings, and the overall atmosphere. What does this tell the reader about Ednas decision to leave? The table is covered in yellow satin lace cloth, with large candles burning softly under yellow silk shades. There was something extremely gorgeous about that evening, luxurious dining chairs replaced the usual stiff ones, the gleam of gold everywhere. This type of elegance is what Edna will give up when she moves around the corner. Chapter 31: Question 1- What are Ednas duel feelings as she and Alcee clean up after everyone leaves? Edna was very closed off during this time and does not feel like talking. She does what is necessary to close up the house and get to her small house where she will be living. On her way to is physically aware of Alcees presence. Chapter 39: Question 8- How is Ednas removal of her clothes as she walks down to the beach symbolic? Edna removing her clothing symbolizes the casting off of societys restrictions to achieve freedom. She first removes her clothes and puts on a bathing suit, but before she gets into the water she removes the bathing suit. Feeling like some new-born creature, opening its eyes in a familiar world it has never known. This begins Ednas final steps towards her souls freedom.

The Waterway And Wild Trout Fishery - 1490 Words

The Motueka is a nationally important waterway and wild trout fishery. The river drains and area of 2076km2 of mountainous and hilly land that is located about 40 km west of Nelson, South Island, New Zealand. The catchment elevation ranges from sea level up to around 1600 to 1800 meters. The river rises in the southeast of the catchment and flows north into Tasman Bay about 116 kilometers. The main stem of the Motueka River rises in the Red Hills and flows north to the sea. The Motueka River is joined from a succession of small and medium-size tributaries draining hilly land underlain by Moutere gravels and some of much larger tributaries originating in a complex combination of sedimentary and igneous rocks which form the mountainous terrain of the Arthur Range on the western boundary of the catchment. The Motueka Catchment is a large rural. It delivers up to 90% of the freshwater to a large and productive coastal bay. The whole catchment was originally covered in beech forests and podcarp. The major productive land uses are content 25% of exotic forest, 35% of native plants, 19% of smaller areas of pastoral grassland, 12% scrub and 7% tussock grasslands and increasing dairying. More than half of the catchment has been cleared with in exotic, plantation forestry and few in dryland pasture or cropland. The Motueka River flow generation is controlled by rainfall distribution and geology. The largest contributors to river flow in the lower Motueka are the west and southeastShow MoreRelatedEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesembarked on her long career as a civil servant, an endeavor that would occupy her for the next decade and a half and the crucible out of which would come the influential nature writing of her later life. Producing publications for t he Bureau of Fisheries and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson increased her already considerable expertise in biology and honed her skills as a writer. The bureaucratic elements of such work do not seem to have been at all stifling; in Notable American

Congressman Essay Example For Students

Congressman Essay Transformation and inertia are presented as conflicting forces, balanced against one another in a kind of universal tension. The individual changes biologically as well as intellectually and spiritually, but his physical progression from youth to old age follows a path more or less set by nature. Nature itself changes cyclically, but the cycle of the seasonsthe cycle of lifeis repeated over and over. The classics of literature possess permanence in their expression of universal meaning, their relevance to men in all times. They simultaneously have the life-altering power to change a man. Higher laws and divinity are absolute, but they are transformative for the man sensitive to the meanings of nature. Society, institutions, and the traditions of the pastexpressions of the status quoconstitute the major hindrances to change throughout Walden. Technological development is a kind of change, but it prevents the individuals growth by creating a mind-numbing amount of labor and by imposing materialistic values. Thoreau therefore denies that it is true progress. As a manifestation of vigorous nature and of Gods work, Walden is eternal. It transcends time and change. Thoreau writes in The Ponds:. . . of all the characters I have known, perhaps Walden wears best, and best preserves its purity. . . . Though the woodchoppers have laid bare first this shore and then that, and the Irish have built their sties by it, and the railroad has infringed on its border, and the ice-men have skimmed it once, it is itself unchanged, the same water which my youthful eyes fell on; all the change is in me. . . . It is perennially young. . . . Why, here is Walden, the same woodland lake that I discovered so many years ago; where a forest was cut down last winter another is springing up by its shore as lustily as ever; the same thought is welling up to its surface that was then; it is the same liquid joy and happiness to itself and its Maker, ay, and it may be to me. It is the work of a br ave man surely. . . .

Violence And Television Essays - Dispute Resolution, Crime, Ethics

Violence and Television Boink! Boom! Crack! The sounds of the fight scene rage on. Many have fallen in this particularly bloody battle. The good guys have taken their losses but struggle on to what is seemingly a victory. Their aggression is fierce and helps them. Fires consume the background; men and women lie on the ground in pain. Even if it weren't for the bombs, missiles, bullets, etc. that are flying around, hand-to-hand combat would have got the better of them. It was a classic battle scene when looking back at it, a true testament of blood, hell, and gore. This may sound like a heroic made-for-TV movie shown only on primetime in the hopes of recruiting a mature audience. But it is not. In fact, it is just another Saturday-morning special of GI Joe, ?The Real American Hero,? that I watched with my brother and cousins. We were religious followers of the show, tuning in every week to see how Sergeant Slaughter, Duke and the rest of the gang would handle the likes of King Cobra and his cronies. GI Joe's early morning time slot encouraged kids, like us, to tune in every weekend. While eating our CheeriosTM and Frosted FlakesTM we got a dose of some real fightin' action, in excess of fifty violent scenes for the morning: there is more than enough to fill the appetite. The truth is, violence on television is on every single day. It takes its toll on society, especially children. The damage done by violence on television is detrimental and confirmed by statistics, case studies, and personal experiences. Fistfights, shootouts, car crashes, rapes... Take your pick. Violence is everywhere on television, sometimes gory and gruesome, other times clean and remote. It is not just the Saturday morning cartoons; clips from action-adventure series, the nightly news and MTV are interwoven with violence and extremely mature content. Prime-time programs can average eight hostile acts per hour; children's shows four times as much (Bajpai, 1996, ps. 45-52). To television Programmers, violence is depicted as a normal, justified response to conflict and threat. They will encourage identification with the aggressor; domination and submission, to them, are often equated with pleasure and worth. Yet numerous researchers have put much time into discovering why children are so attached by the television and the action that takes place within it. They prove that it is definitely a major source of violent behavior in children. Their research proves time and time again that aggression and television viewing do go hand in hand. The truth about television violence and children has been shown. Many people and critics try to ignore it and hope that it will go away. Others do not even seem to care and try to attack these ideas. However, the facts are undeniable and all the results point to one conclusion: Television violence causes children to be violent and the effects can be life-long. The effects of the television are first visible even at the most basic level of life, children and adolescents. The modern-day extent of viewing by humans, especially Americans, is astronomical. Children begin to watch television at very early ages, often when they are newborns. At this time they are obviously not able to follow along or be influenced by it, but they are subjected to it nevertheless. This early start will lead most childhood viewers into a cult-like trance by the time they reach the age of three. In between breakfast and lunch, playtime and naptime, class and dinner, all children find a way to watch the tube. The typical American household has the television set on for more than seven hours each day and children ages two to eleven spend an average of twenty-eight hours per week viewing (Murray, 1996, p. 1). Some research has also estimated that by the time a child or teen of today's generation reaches the age of seventy, he will have spent nearly seven years of his l ife watching television. That is nearly ten percent of one's life lives watching television. That is insane; to say that you and I will spend years upon years, watching television. There is so much that people, even we, could do in a seven-year period.

Was Hitler a Mad Man †History Essay

Was Hitler a Mad Man – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Was Hitler a Mad Man History Essay Three reasons, that could be taken as model examples why Hitler should be considered mad. If we take them in a chronological order, we’d be starting with his experience in World War I and his reactions to those incidents. His brutality is shown in the holocausts that he has created across the country. Never the less , rumors that may or may not be true, had their fair share once he turned famous, such as hiding his roots, as it was thought that he was Jewish or partial Jewish , and many other rumors such as molesting his niece. There are not only indications of his madness but there are also reasons that make us dismiss the idea of him being mad, whenever occurred. Adolf Hitler served as a messenger in World War I. According to his commander, he was a nationalist and so passionate about the war, except that he couldn’t have cared less for the orders given to him, Hitler believed that he should be the leader and not be lead. He thought that everything around him was done in a wrong and a chaotic way and based on silly orders from ignorant people.† At the beginning of World War I he volunteered for service in the Bavarian army. There he proved to be a brave soldier, but was never promoted beyond the rank of a Gefreiter, because his superior officers didnt believe he would have any qualities in leadership. Short before the end of the war in 1918, he was injured by an English gas attack. Thereby he lost his eyes sight temporally and spent several months in hospital†. After his eyes were checked by the doctors, they were positive that it wasn’t a physical matter but it was psychological. He was taken care of by a Jewish doc tor called Edmund Forster, found a way to cure Hitler , and saw it as a triumph, but what he didn’t see is that his triumph was fatal. â€Å" Hitler , Foster concluded , refused to see because he could not bear to witness the defeat of Germany â€Å". † Finally in the first week of November, a possible therapeutic approach crystallized in his mind : I could attempt to find a way to free him of his symptoms through an ingenious coupling of his two ailments with his drive for status, his drive to be like god, his excessive energy†¦.I had to approach this man not with logical premises but with a tremendous lie in order to conquer him†¦for he was really gigantic lie for whom there was no absolute truth but only the truth of his imagination, his striving, his urge.†. -toy-soldier-gallery.com/Articles/Hitler/Hitler.html -The Man Who Invented Hitler , By David Lewis There’s this one thing that almost every normal person around the world the world agrees that it was one of the most brutal things , that has taken a place through out the history , is the holocaust . To demolish a whole religion and a large group of people could be a dream for a psychopath killer , but not any killer can manage to turn this dream of his into a reality , while on the other hand , Hitler managed to do it. If his country won the war he wouldn’t have commit suicide, in other words, he would’ve proceeded with turning his dreams , who to normal people are considered as nightmares, and who knows what could’ve happened to humanity. â€Å"The Holocaust was the effort of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany to exterminate the Jews and other people that they considered to be inferior. As a result about 12,000,000 people about half of them Jews were murdered. The murders were done by every means imaginable but most of the victims perished as a result of shooting, starvation, disease, and poison gas. Others were tortured to death or died in horrible medical experiments†. holocaust-history.org/short-essays/general.shtml Research Papers on Was Hitler a Mad Man - History EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductWhere Wild and West MeetPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

Social Environment essays

Social Environment essays Social Environment and Its Effect On One's Life Social environment is influenced by one's power and wealth. This, in turn, determines success or failure in peoples' lives. If one were born with a "silver spoon" in his mouth, he would easily be able to attend a fancy school no matter how intelligent he is or have any luxury he wants just because of power and wealth. On the flip side, if one were born to a poor family in a bad neighborhood infested with violence and drugs, he would have a much smaller chance of succeeding in life, more especially, going to an upper-class school. It is hard for many poor to go to college because of such high tuition costs. Scholarships are available; but, even though one shows financial need, one still has to have a high grade point average and test scores. Even if one has a good mind, trying to study in a gang-ridden neighborhood with constant gunfire isn't easy. With both parents working two jobs, there isn't any parental guidance. Whereas, the affluent, even if busy or working, have the means to insure that their children are supervised and well taken care of. The rich also have the luxury of affording special tutors to help their children while other For example, there are three students, one from a clean, upper-class community, another from a small, middle-class suburb and the other from a graffiti-ridden slum. All three of these students have exceptional GPA's and scored very well on standardized testing. The student from the upper-class community will have the best chance of succeeding. Tuition will never be a problem and chances are that those parents have some pull because of who they are. The middle-class student won't have a great problem but there is still the fact of paying tuition, which would limit the options quite a bit. One may be smart enough to get grants but the family makes too much money. Also, if he ...

Zara IT for Fast fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zara IT for Fast fashion - Essay Example Zara’s business model sells fashion more than it does apparels. To this end, speed, agility, and flexibility in responding to changing consumer demands is essential and even more important is Zara’s need to maintain its core capability so that it cannot be imitated by other competitor in the industry (Walters, 2006; Lu and Ramamurthy, 2011:937). Failing to upgrade its POS terminals could potentially make the company lose its edge in terms of speed in delivery of fast fashion to its competitors, due to obsolete ancient technology. Although the DOS system is stable, it is increasingly facing challenges and problems. First and foremost, there too many people involved in information transfer and analysis of the ordering, fulfilment and manufacturing processes which increases the probability of errors. Though Salgado does not mind a small margin in error, a more integrated system would allow easier data transfer and also ensure accuracy in such data which would enable a bala nce between supply and demand. Secondly, using PDAs with small screens to enter data is strenuous and time consuming. Getting to do this every day does not help in enhancing data accuracy. Thirdly, since the POS terminals are not connected to Zara’s headquarters or stores, the sales data transmitted at the end of the day, may not fully reflect changing fashion trend sales (McFee, Dessain, and Sjoman, 2007). Within the fast fashion industry, what is fashionable today may be obsolete and unfashionable tomorrow (Tesseras, 2009). Fashion changes fast, and Zara needs a system that can wholly and efficiently reflect this based on cloth’s designs, colour, and even the sizes. And finally, the very fact that Zara’s hardware vendor for POS terminals refuses to enter into a contractual agreement regarding their assurance not to change the DOS operating system, does not fully assure Zara that it would not in the future (McFee, Dessain, and Sjoman, 2007). This presents a ris k to Zara’s operations. Where the costs of maintaining the ancient system surpasses or equals the benefits that the vendors gain from maintaining the system for Zara, the vendors may decide to change the machines. Upgrading the POS terminals into a modern operating system would enable development of newer capabilities into the software which would potentially enable the company to build in store networks as well as give the employee the ability to look up inventory balances in their own stores and in other stores. This would enable the store managers to understand which cloths are selling fast, and which ones they are left in inventory without having to go through the store to physically count them. Therefore it would enhance decision making with regard to what kind of clothes, in what design, colour and size are required. Furthermore, connectivity among stores which are nearer would enhance sharing of data on which products are in one store yet is in shortage in another (Car o and Gallien, 2010:261-265; Caro, et al, 2010:74-79). This would enhance fast movement of merchandise from one store to another, thus enhancing sales. Such information technology capabilities would not only streamline information flow along the supply chain in real time but also enable the headquarters to be connected to a store’s real time data sales which would be essential in making any decisions with regard to design, size and colours, as well as using actual real time data in planning and shortening cycle times for each of the stores (Walters, 2006). The real time data also would enable the headqu

Hungary taxation system during and after soviet union Essay

Hungary taxation system during and after soviet union - Essay Example The government of Hungary has various industries which it can impose tax such as in textiles, food processing, chemicals, mining and motor vehicles industries. This paper discusses about the Hungary taxation system during and after Soviet Union. Also, outlines several changes that were evident in a clear and outright way. In the early 1950s, Hungary, like the other European countries embraced the soviet economic model which was introduced by Stalin. The design constituted of one sided preparations for war and emphasized on industrial self-sufficiency. This led to centralized managed system replacing the market and the market prices. This model was not fit for Hungary as it was a country with a population of 10 million people and had an economic background that was different from the Soviet Unions. The result of this was that the one fourth of the gross national product increase was wasted by the frozen investment projects and the unsalable commodities. The impact of this was that the shortage appeared in every area. The average wage earner wage earner experienced 20 percentage declines in real wages, and there was food rationing. The revenue also collected by the state as tax was minimal, and these made Hungary experience an economic crisis in 1953 (OECD, 27). It is apparent that the fiscal system of Hungary passed a series of stages from the centralized planning to mostly free market economy. The first stage which is classical socialism was experienced in the first two decades after the World War II. Classical Socialism was characterized by centralization of many economic variables such as income distribution, pricing, input and output mix. At this stage, tax system was used as a rudimentary tool to capture economic surplus and the transferring of the revenue to the state. The taxes imposed at the time were a mixture of turnover taxes and taxes from the factors of production. The paying was exclusively by the firms in this socialized economy (Bernardi et

Cost accounting Essay Example for Free

Cost accounting Essay Education is a vital process that enables pupils and students to acquire knowledge and skills that can earn them a living and a respectable life. Within most education systems are measures such as user charges and cost recovery. These measures are put forward so as to improve the quality of education. In Sub-Saharan Africa countries, the user charges and cost recovery measures have been criticised by some people on equity grounds although within the same region other people have defended the measures based on the same grounds. This essay therefore, intends to identify and discuss the various dimensions of user charges and cost recovery measures in education as well as to propose an alternative for user charges and other cost recovery measures in the Zambian education system. In order to have a wider understanding of this essay, the key words that are frequently appearing should be defined. According to (Jiminez, 1987) user charges are defined as a fee for service or a direct charge for the provision of a good or service by the Government in an open market while cost recovery is the regain of the costs of government-provided or funded products, services or activities that, at least in part, provide private benefits to individuals, entities or groups, or reflect the costs their actions impose. User charges fall within the broader concept of cost sharing which involves the contributions from users towards the cost of the particular service that they benefit from such as education, health and water (Terme, 2002). Cost sharing takes a wide range of forms such as direct charges and indirect charges. Examples of direct charges in education are charging fees for tuition and for school writing materials while the indirect charges include in kind contributions such as maintenance, construction and furniture. Such in kind contributions must equate to the official fees of the services provided. User charges however, are direct charges or fees which in the education system may include PTA funds which the school can use for the construction of ablution blocks and class room blocks. Examples of user charges in public offices include fee for a copy of a marriage, birth or death certificate. Cost recovery measures may include the products, services and different activities such as: recreational services; minerals and petroleum services; registration and licensing activities that the government offers to people that have costs (Lockheed and Verspoor, 1990). These costs can be recovered by either the users or other people who benefit from goods, services or activities. They can also be recovered from taxpayers. The education systems such as colleges offer teaching programs to students, the students benefit from such programs by acquiring skills and knowledge for teaching in other government or private schools. Since colleges have to buy chemicals for school laboratories, they also have to provide internet services, white board makers and other educational activities. The colleges have to find other ways of recovering such costs so as to maintain quality in their services. This is usually done by imposing tuition fees for all students, charging boarding fees, book fees as well as internet fees. The resources acquired from user charges and cost recovery measures are said to be equitably distributed to all sectors of economy. Equity is the fairness, justice in the distribution of resources (Kelly, 1999). This concept is normative in nature meaning that it involves the distribution of resources to different areas according to the amount needed and not on equal basis. It is also concerned with the patterns in which cost and benefits are being distributed among different areas of a society. To achieve equity in an area, resources as well as benefits must be distributed unequally that is more to the poor and less to the rich. An action like this should be done because the poor lack sources for income as well as protection hence providing less funds for their schools than the rich. This indicates that most of the poor people largely depend on different resources from the government in order to earn a living. User charges and cost recovery measures in the Sub-Saharan countries are seen by some people to be promoting equity in the education system because they improve the way resources are allocated in all the education institutions (World Bank Policy Research Report, 2001). User charges and cost recovery measures also lead to the effective contribution of resources. This in schools is usually achieved when the value that users place on educational services equal the cost of resources used up in the production of those services. Pupils as well as parents tend to value education, by so doing they put pressure on the school, teachers and the stuff to maintain quality. This increases accountability of education institutions hence the easy detection of problems to do with learning. Accountability in education enhances equity. The proper functioning of the user charges and cost recovery results into meeting and maintain the resource requirements for the education system. In situations when the government is not incapable of providing needed resources the school from the user fees can generate its own needed resources and solve any problem at hand. User charges often ensure the provision of quality leaning through the provision of books and other important learning materials, improved school planning and management, better utilization of teaching staff and reduced unit cost in construction for those who enroll. The vulnerable groups of society can also enroll by paying fees through in kind contribution to the construction of the school and even maintenance of school materials. Therefore, the equity benefits in this instance results from the use of resources in ways that benefit the poorest. Such benefits manifest through improvements in the provision of education in rural areas as well quality of educational services. User charges and cost benefits in the Sub-Saharan countries have been criticised because the vulnerable groups in such societies have been found not to be benefiting from the resources that are said to be distributed on equity. According to (Kelly, 1999) disadvantaged groups of society comprise of the poor, people that are handicapped, the girls or females and those that live in rural areas. With the user charges in the system, children from the poor families may not enroll because these families will have to look at how they will make indirect costs such as transportation, school meals, school provisions and sports as well as direct costs such as school fees and boarding fees. Besides that poor children also lack personal material and are unable to buy materials that are sold at school. With high levels of poverty children cannot be allowed to go to school because they are a source of income in their families especially in areas of farm work and selling. Those that are allowed to go to school usually go on empty stomachs. This affects them negatively in academic performance thus causing inefficiencies in the school system. In addition the school curriculum as well as the culture of learning act as barriers in the educational endeavors of these children because it is too advanced for them to understand and does not relate to their everyday activities. The other dimension is that this type of educational provision does not encompass areas such as rural areas. Education provision in rural areas is poorer than in urban areas (Central Statistics Office, 1997), because most of the teachers sent to teach in these areas are untrained, this in turn leads to poor quality in education; the school buildings and sanitation are so poor such that pupils get less motivated to attend lessons; materials and other supplies are not adequately distributed hence preventing pupils from acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills. The fairness, justification as well as the treatment of all people according to their needs that is said to be an outcome of user charges and cost recovery measures is seen not to apply in such cases. The other dimension that equity distribution does not cater for is that of the handicapped. One of the major problem in this area is lack of accurate information on the number of children with special educational needs (Central Statistics Office, 1994) the second one is the attitude of society to education of people with special needs. Some parents feel ashamed of themselves of having disabled children hence not sending them to school. Education for these children is not provided fully because even if they enroll they do not receive all the facilities they need for quality learning. In the gender dimension, the gender-based constraints to education tend to be more pronounced in rural areas (Psacharopoulos and Woodhall, 1985). This is due to the fact that the environment is normally more accommodative of gender inequality. Rural areas display strict traditional cultural values, attitudes and practices, such practices are harmful to girls education for they encourage early marriage, abduction, genital mutilation, sexual violence, excessive domestic chores, male superiority and domination of women are tolerated and encouraged by the community both inside and outside the school and with the user charges imposed, parents will opt to sending male children to school than female ones. Alternative justification for user charges and cost recovery measures in the Zambian education system must involve the participation of the poor; people that stay in the rural areas; the handicapped, the girls and other vulnerable people in society. According to (Carmody, 2004) the Zambia education system has been faced with severe constraints in items of finance. This can be solved by the increase in the sector funding by the government and the private sector. Increased funding in a particular sector increases financial resources. The increased financial resource can be used for the construction of educational facilities for handicapped children as well as building new and better schools in the rural areas. Such resources can also be used for sponsoring the education of children from the poor families in education. This can change the face of education in Zambia if it is effectively implemented. In conclusion, user charges and cost recovery in the Sub-Saharan countries cannot alone bring about equity in the distribution of resources in entire society because such countries are still developing. This means that the presence of a large number of poor people in these countries tends to bring about such irregularities. Therefore, in order for the vulnerable to be fully incorporated into the education system, there would be need for assistance in the form of funding by the government and the private sector. These should also be involved in the provision resources and the running of education system in order for them to counter check the progress of education of the people being sponsored as well as the people sponsoring themselves.

Why Planning Is Necessary. :: essays research papers

Adding a Town Planner to Your Staff Planning in any town is an important part of the growth, development and sustainability of the citizens and businesses in that town. I believe that your town council could greatly benefit from adding a planner to your staff. Planning suggests a systematic attempt to shape the future. It attempts to link scientific and technical knowledge to actions in the public domain, and processes of societal guidance and of social transformation. Planning entails making decisions and informing actions in ways that are socially rational. Planning serves a public or general purpose, such as ensuring the stability and growth of the economy; undertaking selected public investments and, in the absence of private sector interest, inducing desired actions on part of the private sector through various forms of subsidy; restraining private sector actions to safeguard the well-being of the population at large; redistributing income on grounds of equity; protecting individuals and businesses against the uncertainties of the market; and so forth. The planning process must continuously pursue and faithfully serve the public interest. Why is planning necessary? 1. To guide the overall economic stability and growth in a community - achieve a sensible and attractive land-use pattern - preserving or improving that which all ready exists - encourage economic development 2. To provide public services to meet the general needs of the community - location of public facilities - make sure that all are served with adequate toads, water, and sewer facilities - protect the general public health; minimizing threats to human health and life 3. To protect the environment - guide and manage development to minimize environmental damage - acquiring or developing land for parks or open space; achieving aesthetic and recreational goals - preserving resources for future use - saving nonrenewable energy sources The Origins of Planning Before the American Revolution municipalities appointed strong powers to control land use, thus shaping their own forms of â€Å"planning.† These powers came out of a European tradition that treated the town or village as an independent corporation, which might own, control, or dispose of most of the land within its boundaries. Many U.S. communities started as grants to individuals or groups, which then, by virtue of the grant, had the power to dispose of land within their borders. Thus colonial towns had formidable powers to shape their pattern of development. Quite obviously, the Revolution ended the practice of creating municipalities through the mechanism of royal grants to individuals. More important, it placed the bulk of political power in the hands of the states.

Why is English Important Essay

Essay About English Language English is one of the most important languages in the world. It can even be said to be the single most important language. Other languages are important too, but not for the same reasons as English is important. English is important because it is the only language that truly links the whole world together. The other languages may be important for their local values and culture. English can be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few people in each locality would know the language. Though these people might not have the same accent as others, the language at least will be understandable Pakistan and Importance of English Language In countries like Pakistan, with people of various cultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. English can be the only link as people in each place will not be able to learn all the other languages to communicate with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people. When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal language. The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. Education has increased the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This again reinforces the fact that the English language is very important. All correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries are in English. This linking factor also tells of the importance of the English language in this essay. In spite of the growth of the Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which most of the information and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized. The future of English as a language is very secure. The day is not far when this language will become the single language of the world like we have a single currency. IMPORTANCE OF ENGLÄ °SH: In today’s global world, the importance of English can not be denied and ignored since English is the most common language spoken everwhere. With the help of developing technology, English has been playing a major role in many sectors including medicine, engineering, and education, which, in my opinion, is the most important arena where English is needed. Particularly, as a developing country, Turkey needs to make use of this world-wide spoken language in order to prove its international power. This can merely be based on the efficiency of tertiary education. Consequently, English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Turkey for the following three reasons: finding a high-quality job, communicating with the international world, and accessing scientific sources in the student’s major field. The first reason for why English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Turkey is that it helps students find a high quality jobs for students to find. In business life, the most important common language is obviously English. In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need good understanding ability and speaking in English. Therefore, companies can easily open out to other countries, and these companies generally employ graduates whose English is fluent and orderly. For example, the student who is graduated from a university which takes English as a major language will find a better or high-quality job than other students who don’t know English adequately. In other words, the student who knows English is able to be more efficient in his job because he can use the information from foreign sources and web sites. He can prepare his assigments and tasks with the help of these information. Therefore, undoubtedly, his managers would like his effort or prepared projects. In addition, many high-quality jobs are related with international communication and world-wide data sharing. University graduates who are in a international company and business are needed to communicate with foreign workers. For instance, if their managers want them to share the company’s data, they are expected to know English. Moreover, they will even have to go business trip for their company. Absolutely, all of these depend on speaking English;as a result, new graduates have to know English in order to get a high-quality job, and the others, who don’t know English, may have lack of communication and be paid less money. The second and the most important reason, for English to be the medium of instruction in the Turkish higher education system is that it enables students to communicate with the international world. In these days, in my opinion, the most important thing for both university students and graduates is to follow the development in tecnology. For this reason, they have to learn common language. Certainly, they should not lose their interest on communicating with the world. However, some of the university students can’t obtain English education in their university. Unfortunately, these people may lose their communication with worldwide subjects and language essay topics. In short, they will not communicate foreign people. To prevent these people from lacking of speaking English, universities’ administration will provide English education to them. In addition, university students can use some specific hardware and software of computers with their English to communicate others. For example, the Internet, which, in my opinion, is the largest source in the world, based on English knowledge and information. Also, most of the softwares such as â€Å"Windows†, â€Å"Microsoft Office†, â€Å"Internet Explorer† are firstly written in English, and these programs are the basic vital things for communication over computer. That is to say, even in a little resarch about something, they need these programs and the Internet to find necessary sources and information. The last reason for favouring English as the medium of instruction of Turkish universities is that it faclitates accessing information. All of the students have to do some projects or homeworks which are related with their field during the university education. In these projects or homeworks, they have to find some information which is connected with their subject. They find sources from English web sites and books, but they have to replace these data to their projects. During these process, if they know English, they will not come across with any difficulty, but if they don’t know, even they may not use these data. As a result, the student who knows English will be more successful at his/her project. For this reason, to obstruct possible inequity between students, management of universities should accept English as a second language in order to provide accessing information to the students. In short, university students need to know English to access information. All in all, the education in universities should be done with English for three reasons. First, students who know English are able to find their favourite job related with their field. Second, they can communicate with others internationally. Third, as a major language in universities, English makes accessing information easy for students. In my opinion, internationally, people need one common language. For many years, English has been the common wold-wide language, and it will be in the future. For this reason, if you want to follow trends, new gadgets and technology, modernization of the developing world, you have to know English whatever age you are in. Role of English Language in Globalization The Power of English Language Without the powerful language English, connecting nations all over the world would have been something impossible. Communication is very crucial in any field, whether it is business, medicine, transport, technology, trade or marketing. English is the language globally accepted and known by all. The role of English language in globalizing people all over the world cannot be just expressed in words; the influence of this commanding language is quite vast and diverse to define. If you consider business, diplomacy, or politics, there should be proper gelling between nations. Deep understanding is very much important in any field. Without proper communication it is not possible in whichever way it may be. The language you speak does play a big role in conveying and popularizing your skills and requirements. Around 380 million consider English as the first language, two-third of them prefer it as the second. In addition, billions are in the learning process and many are exposed to this unflinching language. Various predictions reveal that by 2050, half the world population will be proficient in English language. Hence it’s relevant how powerful the language is to bring the nations together. Whether high or low, it is the language accepted universally. â€Å"The World Empire by Other Means: The Triumph of English.† (The Economist, 2001). The power of English language The English language stands out from any other language if you consider the nation as a whole. People know its significance and that is why the language is taught as the basic language in any country. Internationally speaking, it will be really hard to thrive in this world without knowing English. When you speak of globalization, the first language that comes to mind is English. In order to create an ethically responsible, equitable and tolerant world, the English language plays a crucial role. You may take the case of any field. In business, outsourcing and communication with clients and other delegates are very important to exchange and share your thoughts and innovation. This is how business grows. Likewise it is also very important to maintain peace and tranquility between nations. If at all an issue arises, only through peaceful talks and conferences the problems can be discussed and sorted. English is the best to make it easier. Many Asian and African countries even accepted it as the standard language to communicate with each other. (Belcher. D, 1994). The language has great impact on sharing different traditions and cultures of various nations, enhancing better knowledge to know each other. You learn more about the various traditions, culture, and customs of various nations all over the world through travel and study. For both of these to become reality effective communication is a must. The language English enhances a lot in bringing people all over the world together. The internet also plays a big role in promoting English as the standard language understood by all. Through various social networking sites people connect to each other from anywhere around the world, mostly through English. This is because the language is accepted all over the world. English is also very essential for air traffic controls and airline crews. The touch of this powerful language is very evident in every field of study. Even in science and research, the English language is very essential. (The Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago Convention, 1944) English is the International Language and is one of the most popular and most spoken in the technology world. We need to know English language in order to study any science subject or any computer language. We need to know English to communicate effectively too many developed countries. English is very much important in our life†¦it is necessary in each and every field. If we know English we never feel tongue tide in front of others. It’s a widely spoken language. People take pride in speaking English .if we don’t know English, we will leg behind the other. English is a need of hour. Today we can’t deny the importance of English in our life.To anyone who lives in an English speaking country, it is of vital importance. Language is always very important, because it is the means of communication. If you cannot speak the language of a place, it will be very difficult to communicate with the people. And so it is an absolute neccesity.We communicate with others every day. Weather we just say ‘hello’ or have a long conversation, or weather we give or follow instructions, or weather at home or at the shop or in the workplace. Communication is a tool for everyday life-Everyone uses it every day. And language makes it a whole lot easier, so everyone learns to speak their native language. And English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and if you know how to speak it, it will be an invaluable tool of communication. You can develop your knowledge for betterment of your knowledge. As long as you educate yourself, you will come across many new things. There is no end for learning A language is a systematic means of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others. It is a communication by word of mouth. It is the mental faculty or power of vocal communication. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Any means of communicating ideas, specifically, human speech, the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth is a language. This is a system for communication. A language is the written and spoken methods of combining words to create meaning used by a particular group of people. Language, so far as we know, is something specific to humans, that is to say it is the basic capacity that distinguishes humans from all other living beings. Language therefore remains potentially a communicative medium capable of expressing ideas and concepts as well as moods, feelings and attitudes. A set of linguists who based their assumptions of language on psychology made claims that language is nothing but ‘habit formation’. According to them, language is learnt through use, through practice. In their view, ‘the more one is exposed to the use of language, the better one learns’. Written languages use symbols (characters) to build words. The entire set of words is the language’s vocabulary. The ways in which the words can be meaningfully combined is defined by the language’s syntax and grammar. The actual meaning of words and combinations of words is defined by the language’s semantics. The latest and the most advanced discoveries and inventions in science and technology are being made in the universities located in the United States of America where English language is the means of scientific discourse. The historical circumstances of India (having been ruled by the British for over two centuries) have given the Indians an easy access to mastering English language, and innumerable opportunities for advancement in the field of science and technology. Many Indians have become so skilled in English language and have won many international awards for creative and comparative literatures during the last few years. Sometime ago, an Indian author, Arundhati Roy, won the prestigious booker prize for her book â€Å"The God of Small Things†. Her book sold lakhs of copies all over the globe. Over the years, English language has become one of our principal assets in getting a global leadership for books written by Indian authors and for films made by Indians in English language. A famous Indian movie maker Shekhar Kapoor’s film â€Å"Elizabeth† has got several nominations for Oscar Awards. It does not require any further argument to establish the advantage English language has brought to us at the international level. English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe. English is the language of the latest business management in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indian business managers. English is a means not only for international commerce; it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication. In India, people going from North to South for education or business mostly communicate in English, which has become a link language. Keeping this in mind, the Parliament has also recognized English as an official language in addition to Hindi. All the facts of history and developments in present day India underline the continued importance of learning English in addition to vernaculars. Some of the states of India are witnessing popular increase in public demand for teaching of English language from the primary classes. Realizing the importance, recently, the Minister of Indian Railways, Laloo Prasad Yadav, demands teaching of English language in schools. The great demand for admission in English medium schools throughout the country is a testimony to the attraction of English to the people of India. Many of the leaders, who denounce English, send their own children to English medium schools. Many of the schools in the country have English as the sole or additional medium of instruction. A language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and knowledge enshrined in it. English poses no danger to Indian languages. The Indian languages are vibrant and are developing by the contributions of great minds using them as their vehicle of expression. English is available to us as a historical heritage in addition to our own language. We must make the best use of English to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best in the world of mind and matter. English language is our window to the world. English language is one tool to establish our viewpoint. We can learn from others experience. We can check the theories of foreigners against our experience. We can reject the untenable and accept the tenable. We can also propagate our theories among the international audience and readers. We can make use of English to promote our worldview and spiritual heritage throughout the globe. Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of religion at the world conference of religions in Chicago in 1893. He addressed the gathering in impressive English. Many spiritual gurus have since converted thousands of English people to our spirituality by expressing their thought and ideas in masterful English. English has thus become an effective means of promoting Indian view of life, and strengthening our cultural identity in the world. When William Caxton set up his printing press in London (1477) the new hybrid language (vernacular English mixed with courtly French and scholarly Latin) became increasingly standardized, and by 1611, when the Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible was published, the educated English of London had become the core of what is now called Standard English. By the time of Johnson’s dictionary (1755) and the American Declaration of Independence (1776), English was international and recognizable as the language we use today. The Orthography of English was more or less established by 1650 and, in England in particular, a form of standard educated speech, known as Received Pronunciation (RP) spread from the major public schools in the 19th century. This accent was adopted in the early 20th century by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for its announcers and readers, and is variously known as RP, BBC English, Oxford English, and the King’s or Queen’s English. Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared educational experience, mainly of the printed language. Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more than 300 million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to its latest phase as World English. English is one of the most important languages in the world. It can even be said o be the single most important language. Yes, other languages are important too, but not for the same reasons as English is important. English is important because it is, maybe, the only language that truly links the whole world together. If not for English, the whole world may not be as united as it is today. The other languages may be important for their local values and culture. English can be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few people in each locality would know the language. Though these people might not have the same accent as others, the language at least will be understandable. There are various reasons for the importance of English language. They are listed below. 1. Travel: When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal language. 2. Same country: In countries like India, where the land is so vast with people of various cultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. Under the circumstances, English can be the only link as people in each place will not be able to learn all the other languages to communicate with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people. 3. Education / Studies: The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. Education has increased the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This again reinforces the fact that English language is very important. 4. Correspondence: All correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries is in English. This linking factor also tells of the importance of English language. 5. Internet: In spite of the growth of Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which most of the information and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in E commerce and also in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized. The future of English as a language is very secure. In this era of consolidation and trying to unify various aspects of life, it will not be long before English can be made as a single language of the world like the single currency and the union of various nations. Works Cited Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul. Why Is English Literature?: Language and Letters for the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. â€Å"ESOE Blog | 4 Reasons Why Learning English Is so Important.† Reasons Why Learning English Is Important, www.elc-eastbourne.co.uk/blog/4-reasons-why-learning-english-is-so-important/. Machan, Tim William. What Is English?: and Why Should We Care? Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2013. Swierzbin, Bonnie. â€Å"Demonstrativesà ¢ Special Place in the English Reference System: Why Thatà ¢s Important for English Language Learners.† Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 4, no. 10, 2010, pp. 987–1000. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00248.x.

Argument. Men and particularly princes Essay

Argument Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Men and particularly princes should be very careful when making their decisions and they should not be concerned by the making decisions that always favors their subjects and friends but they should be concerned more on the outcomes of their decisions and whether those decisions will benefit their state. I strongly believe that there should not be procedures and methods set to be used by princes in dealing with their friends and subjects. This is because different situations require to be handled differently since the societies keeps changing and therefore, princes should not follow set procedures and methods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Princes are judged by their subjects through their qualities which will make their subjects either to praise them or to blame them. However, it would be very difficult for the princes to fulfill all the qualities that their subjects expect them to have due to human nature. Therefore, princes should be very careful to escape from bad reputation of those vices which would make them lose the state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I agree with the statement that a quality which seems to be a virtue, if pursued may end up destructing the individual who decides to pursue such a quality; while another quality which appears to be a vice, if an individual decides to pursue such a vice might end up being more beneficial to such an individual and to the society. Therefore, princes should be very prudent when making decisions since a quality which seems to be vice may end up being a virtue, and vice versa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Princes can be generous which seems to be a virtue but may end up giving them a bad reputation among their subjects. This is because such princes maybe generous and end up using up all their resources or overburdening their subjects with excessive taxes and doing everything possible in order to the funds. This quality of generosity may give such princes a bad reputation and his generosity may end up offending their subjects thus hating their princes. Also through not being generous may lead them to appear to be a miser according to their subjects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, Pope Julius II although he used his generosity to attain papacy however he decided to end his generosity in order to reduce the expenditures so as to be able to wage war. Therefore, princes should use any virtue such as generosity in a way that will not harm them. In this regard, princes should avoid overburdening subjects or becoming poor as a result of their generosity. Also, in order for a prince to avoid destroying their rule they should not mind being branded as misers since this would be a key vice that would help them to rule their subjects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although princes should avoid being cruel and should be merciful but they should be very careful not to abuse their mercy. This is because being too merciful may be abused which may lead to disorder in a state resulting to increased crimes thus harming the society at large. For instance, although cesare Borgia was regarded cruel, he was able to restore order, peace and unity in Romagna through his cruelty. Therefore princes should not mind being refereed to be cruel in their attempts to keep their subjects loyal and united. It would be much safer for princes to be feared than being loved by their subjects. In this regard they should do anything to ensure that there is order, peace and unity in their states even if it means taking someone’s life for the benefit of their states at large. This may result to some of their subjects hating them however, this would be less harmful to them and also it would beneficial to their states at lar ge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Princes should not care much on keeping their promises to their subjects and in some circumstances the princes are supposed to manipulate their subject’s mind with shrewdness if this would be more safer for them and also if this would be more beneficial to their state. Princes must be aware of how to deal with different situations since fulfilling their promises in some circumstances would bring harm to them and to their subjects. In such situations such princes should be wise and know how to deceive their subjects to avoid fulfilling their promises where they feel that keeping their words would bring harm to their state or to themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this regard, princes are not necessitated to have all the good qualities but it is very important for them to appear as if they have them. This is because having those all qualities and practicing all of them would bring more harm. For example, appearing being faithful, religious, merciful, trustworthy and humane among other good qualities would be necessary and princes should know how to practice them in different situations, however, practicing all of them would lead to more harm than good as subjects would misuse them to cause disorder which may increase the crime rates which would be harmful to the states. References Machiavelli, NiccoloÃÅ'â‚ ¬. The prince. Belle Fourche: NuVision Publications, 2004. Print. Source document

Free Essays on Employee Motivation In The Workplace

Employee Motivation in the Workplace Organizational Psychology Motivation is defined in our textbook by the conditions that energize, direct, and sustain work behavior. What is the reason that organizations desire motivated employees? The simple answer is survival. â€Å"Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive. Motivated employees are more productive. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Of all the functions a manager performs, motivating employees is arguably the most complex. This is due in part, to the fact that what motivates employee’s changes constantly. For example, research suggests that as employees’ income increases, money becomes less of a motivator. Also, as employees get older, interesting work becomes more of a motivator.† (Linder, 1998). The first article that I found on employee motivation is called â€Å"Understanding Employee Motivation† by James R. Linder. After an initial introduction to motivation, the author talks about motivation theories such as: Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, Herzberg’s two-factory theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory, Adams’ equity theory and Skinner’s reinforcement theory. The next part of the article talks about the definition of motivation, the role of motivation and the purpose for studying motivation. The last part of the article talks about the results from studies about motivation. The ranked order of most important motivating factors are as follows: 1) interesting work, 2) good wages, 3) full appreciation of work done, 4) job security, 5) good working conditions, 6) promotions and growth in the organization, 7) feeling of being in on information at work, 8) personal loyalty to employees, 9) tactful discipline, and 10) sympathetic help with personal problems. The second article that I researched wa... Free Essays on Employee Motivation In The Workplace Free Essays on Employee Motivation In The Workplace Employee Motivation in the Workplace Organizational Psychology Motivation is defined in our textbook by the conditions that energize, direct, and sustain work behavior. What is the reason that organizations desire motivated employees? The simple answer is survival. â€Å"Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive. Motivated employees are more productive. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Of all the functions a manager performs, motivating employees is arguably the most complex. This is due in part, to the fact that what motivates employee’s changes constantly. For example, research suggests that as employees’ income increases, money becomes less of a motivator. Also, as employees get older, interesting work becomes more of a motivator.† (Linder, 1998). The first article that I found on employee motivation is called â€Å"Understanding Employee Motivation† by James R. Linder. After an initial introduction to motivation, the author talks about motivation theories such as: Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, Herzberg’s two-factory theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory, Adams’ equity theory and Skinner’s reinforcement theory. The next part of the article talks about the definition of motivation, the role of motivation and the purpose for studying motivation. The last part of the article talks about the results from studies about motivation. The ranked order of most important motivating factors are as follows: 1) interesting work, 2) good wages, 3) full appreciation of work done, 4) job security, 5) good working conditions, 6) promotions and growth in the organization, 7) feeling of being in on information at work, 8) personal loyalty to employees, 9) tactful discipline, and 10) sympathetic help with personal problems. The second article that I researched wa...

Famous Inventors from New Mexico

Famous Inventors from New Mexico A few famous inventors have hailed from New Mexico. William Hanna William Hanna (1910 - 2001) was one-half of Hanna-Barbara, the animation studio behind such famous cartoons as Scooby-Doo, Super Friends, Yogi Bear and The Flintstones. In addition to co-founding the studio and being the creative force behind many of its most famous cartoons, Hanna and Barbara were also responsible for creating Tom and Jerry early in their careers. Hanna was born in Melrose, New Mexico, though his family moved several times throughout his childhood. Edward Uhler Condon Edward Uhler Condon (1902 – 1974) was a nuclear physicist and a pioneer in quantum mechanics. He was born in Alamogordo, New Mexico, and while he attended high school and college in California, he returned to the state for a brief tenure with the Manhattan Project during World War II. As research director for Westinghouse Electric, he oversaw and conducted research that was instrumental to the development of both radar and nuclear weapons. He later became National Bureau of Standards, where he became a target for the House Un-American Activities Committee; however, he was famously defended against these allegations by such figures as Harry Truman and Albert Einstein. Jeff Bezos Jeff Bezos was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico on January 12, 1964. Hes best known as the founder, chairman and CEO of Amazon.com, making him one of the pioneers of e-commerce. He also founded Blue Origin, a private spaceflight company. Smokey Bear While not an inventor in the traditional sense, the living symbol of Smokey Bear was a native of New Mexico. The bear cub was rescued from a 1950 wildfire in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico and nicknamed Hotfoot Teddy due to the injuries he sustained during the fire, but renamed Smokey, after the fire prevention mascot mascot who had been created a few years prior.

Global Warming is not as Big a Deal as the Government Makes it Seem Research Paper

Global Warming is not as Big a Deal as the Government Makes it Seem - Research Paper Example This paper briefly analyses the global warming topic with respect to reasons other than manmade. As per the recent studies, the earth’s surface temperature has been increased around 0.750 C during the last century itself. Moreover, scientists believe that the atmospheric temperature may even go up by 6 degrees before the end of the current century. Studies also showed that warming and sea level rise may continue for more than 1000 years even if we manage to stabilize the greenhouse gas levels. Increased global temperature can create dangerous futures for the human being. The consequences of global warming are unimaginable. Sea level raise, increased extreme weather intensities, changes in agricultural yields, complete destruction of some living things etc are some of the immediate difficulties we can anticipate. Even though manmade activities may have some effect, modern scientific theories unanimously agreed that the major reasons for global warming may be natural phenomenon like solar variations and volcanoes. While the world is unanimous in accepting the fact that global warming may cause severe problems to living things, there are different opinions about who contributes to the atmospheric temperature. The intensity of radiations received on earth from the sun has been increased drastically as per the studies conducted by Dr. Solanki.  

Human Resourse Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resourse Manager - Essay Example Many companies manage the transition but experts conclude that they usually have it rough with when making changes thus need to make improvements. The design of the experiment is based on the transition that occurs to management in any given business. Failure to management transition may occur in an organization when scientists believe that skills for supervision are learnt through experience. Benefits expected in this experiment include description of supervision opportunity to the intended management candidate. This is very important because the supervisor understands the fact that science and supervision in any given work is not a dangerous misconception as believed by majority. The supervisor understands that when recruiting any employee in whichever field one has to consider the mix of science and supervision if it is workable. Another benefit is that, the supervisor is enlightened of the organizational needs that are constantly changing as a result of technical obsolescence setting in thus need to update his schedule to counteract or adapt these changes. The experiment also aids in considering the additional of supervisory responsibilities which inhibits scientists or engineers role. This directs one to determine whether or not that person has shown the interest in the work dedicated. For this experiment, a random sample of 30 employees will be used considering the size of the company. The samples will be drawn from all five departments - six from each function of the company. Such a sample is expected to be truly representative of the company’s population of workers. The variables or factors in this case will include age, gender, experience level, and field of work. A random sample is used since it is easy to use compared to a probabilistic sample. When conducting the experiment, non-responsiveness of respondents may hamper progress and lead to unreliable results. In addition, there may be cost constraints which may reduce the limit of the

Food Security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food Security - Coursework Example The United States does not have the capacity to provide food security to the rest of the world despite having a pool of high expertise, science and technology. Barriers to food security include poor distribution networks, border barriers and poor infrastructure. Issues of food safety coupled with diverse national and international standards across the world also play a key role in inhibiting achievement of food security. It is therefore important to note that globalization may either lead to persisting food insecurity if international organizations such as World Trade Organization fail to intervene on global barriers to food security. According to Department of State, the 2008 crisis does not only illustrate the kind of disruptions the US can experience but also demonstrate the extent of unpreparedness.  The United States does not have the capacity to provide food security to the rest of the world despite having a pool of high expertise, science and technology. Barriers to food sec urity include poor distribution networks, border barriers and poor infrastructure. Issues of food safety coupled with diverse national and international standards across the world also play a key role in inhibiting achievement of food security.   The 2008 crisis does not only illustrate the kind of disruptions the US can experience but also demonstrate the extent of unpreparedness.   Food security for all nations of the world requires long term intervention that focuses on the root causes and the underlying issues of food insecurity.

Staff Training and Development Essay Example for Free

Staff Training and Development Essay From a company perspective, training and development of company employees are essential for organizational operation. From an employee perspective, the same factor is critical for skill development and for career advancement. â€Å"The retention of valued skill sets, are important for continued business achievements† and as a supervisor it is important to continuously train and develop your staff’s skills (McClelland, 1993). As a supervisor of employees whose task is to assemble tuning devices that go into cell phones, it is important to investigate why the quality of work has diminished. Training, managerial development and training, and performance management are some factors that could be attributing to the decrease in quality of the tuning devices assembled by the employees. Trial and error will need to take place in order to determine if the lack of training has been contributing to poor quality work. The training of employees leads to â€Å"increased employee satisfaction, facilitates the updating of skills, leads to an increased sense of belonging and benefit, increased employee commitment to the organization, and strengthens the organization’s competitiveness† (McClelland, 1993). It also improves productivity efforts. â€Å"It is improbable to produce improvements in human performance without relying, to one degree or another, on training† (Asim, Waqas, Cheema, 2012). To determine if training should be necessary or required, it would be important for the supervisor to look back at past training modules and new processes. Employees may need retraining on assembling tuning devices and the importance of quality work ethics. Audits of employee training will focus on task evaluations, work practices, and methods in an attempt to address the problem that has been affecting the employee’s quality of work. Managerial training and development could also play a part of the employee’s quality of work. It is important as a supervisor to attempt to â€Å"improve managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills† (Dessler, 2011, p. 155). Improving managerial skills can assist with implementing ways to improve employee performance and development. As a supervisor, it is important to work on goals and to figure out which goals are not working for your employees. A supervisor needs to assess their management skills to see if it is hindering or affecting the employee’s work ethics. Feedback on employee knowledge or changes in quality need to further discussion with employees on a weekly base especially if there has been a significant decrease in the quality of work. Another factor that a supervisor must ask is how often appraisal performances are conducted and what affect that has been having on the employee’s work quality. Appraisals help the supervisor make â€Å"promotion and salary raise decisions†, it lets the supervisor develop â€Å"a plan for correcting any deficiencies† (the quality of tuning devices), and it facilitates career planning by â€Å"providing an opportunity to review the employee’s career plans in light of his or her exhibited strengths and weaknesses† (Dessler, 2011, p. 170). Creating an appraisal process can shine light on the current issue with the employee’s work quality. If the employees have not been given a goal and/or do not understand their job, it will affect productivity and the quality of work being performed. The supervisor’s appraisal process would reward productive employees and assist the professional growth and development of inexperienced and unproductive individuals. A quarterly appraisal can take place discussing the job description, the process of assembling tuning devices, previously determined goals and objectives; and ongoing observations and communications of performance. These quarterly appraisals provide information for the employees and can assist with assessing the causes of poor assembly of tuning devices. During the annual appraisal, if training or what was previously discussed in the quarterly appraisal has not improved the quality of work, then it may not be training and the Human Resources Department may need to get involved. One other factor not mentioned at the beginning is the potential of environmental change. As a supervisor, any new change in the work environment needs to be taken in consideration. Where there any new changes in assembling of tuning devices for the cell phones that was not covered or mentioned in training? Not all employees are ready for change and if not done correctly it can affect the quality of work. Asim, Waqas, and Cheema (2012) noted â€Å"employees thinking, acting and behaviors are important elements for consideration in order to achieve organizational change successfully†. A change may have been implemented that could be affecting the quality of assembling tuning devices. To improve the employees task to assemble tuning devices that go into cell phones training development, managerial development, performance appraisals, and monitoring change may need to be implemented. Constant monitoring of training and development will assess how the training succeeds. The supervisor will devote time to ensuring that employees get the training programs that is most appropriate for them given their existing skill sets. The supervisor will improve their managing skills and take into consideration any changes in the work environment that has been affecting productivity levels. Assessing these factors will assist in closing the gap between how the employees currently perform in their assembling work and how they need to perform to meet company objectives.

Shapes Investigation :: Papers

Shapes Investigation Summary I am doing an investigation to look at shapes made up of other shapes (starting with triangles, then going on squares and hexagons. I will try to find the relationship between the perimeter (in cm), dots enclosed and the amount of shapes (i.e. triangles etc.) used to make a shape. From this, I will try to find a formula linking P (perimeter), D (dots enclosed) and T (number of triangles used to make a shape). Later on in this investigation T will be substituted for Q (squares) and H (hexagons) used to make a shape. Other letters used in my formulas and equations are X (T, Q or H), and Y (the number of sides a shape has). I have decided not to use S for squares, as it is possible it could be mistaken for 5, when put into a formula. After this, I will try to find a formula that links the number of shapes, P and D that will work with any tessellating shape - my 'universal' formula. I anticipate that for this to work I will have to include that number of sides of the shapes I use in my formula. Method I will first draw out all possible shapes using, for example, 16 triangles, avoiding drawing those shapes with the same properties of T, P and D, as this is pointless (i.e. those arranged in the same way but say, on their side. I will attach these drawings to the front of each section. From this, I will make a list of all possible combinations of P, D and T (or later Q and H). Then I will continue making tables of different numbers of that shape, make a graph containing all the tables and then try to devise a working formula. As I progress, I will note down any obvious or less obvious things that I see, and any working formulas found will go on my 'Formulas' page. To save time, perimeter, dots enclosed, triangles etc.

Advanced practice nurse role within palliative care Essay

The purpose of this assignment is to compare and contrast the current literature related to advanced nursing practice. And to relate this literature to my practice and the role of the palliative care nurse across clinical settings. In my current role as a pain nurse specialist, I am involved in the care and management of patients with intrathecal (IT) catheters mainly for patients with intractable cancer pain. Patients who have been tried and failed on escalating doses of various opiates, and continue to have unsatisfactory pain management with intolerable side effects are often referred to our service for consideration for an intrathecal catheter. Intrathecal catheters have been used for many years now in effort to target the specific pain pathways within the spinal cord, as the medication is delivered directly into the Central nervous system, only small doses are required, and therefore patients experience less side effects, with improved pain control (Myers, J. Chan, V., Jarvis, V., Walker-Dilks, C., 2010). The majority of these patients are approaching the end stages of their disease process, therefore we work quite closely with the hospital Palliative care service when the patient in an inpatient. However post discharge we visit the patients weekly in their own homes, this often involves working at an advanced nursing level, working autonomously, assessing the patient and titrating medication via their IT pump, with some direction from the doctor at Auckland hospital. However this role also involves providing the patient and their family with an element of palliative care also, they often require additional emotional support at this stage. In 2002 the World health organization (WHO) defined palliative care as † An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing he problems associated with life threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual.† Advanced nursing practice refers to nurses working at an expanded level of practice within a specialized area. Advanced practice is generally defined as the integration of practical knowledge, clinical experience, theoretical knowledge and research base, education, and may involve organization leadership (ANA, 1995). The term advanced practice has been given to various roles within nursing, such as Clinical nurse specialists (CNS), nurse practitioners (NP’s) and other specialized roles within nursing, such as the anaesthetic nurse (Davies, Hughes, 1995). The literature related to advanced nursing practice and palliative care was reviewed using online databases, such as Medline, Ovid, Pubmed and the Cumulative index for nursing and allied health literature (CINAHL). Key words used in the search, were ‘advanced practice nursing’, ‘Clinical nurse specialist’, ‘nurse practitioner’, ‘palliative care’ and ‘nurse prescribing†. After reviewing the literature, three articles were selected, and will be summarized below. Article one In 2004 Aigner et al did a comparative study of nursing resident outcomes between care provided by NP/Physicians, compared to Physicians only. The study was based in Texas, USA. The main objective of the study was to determine how the standard of care for nursing homes residents compares when provided by either NP/Physician, or physician only. Eight nursing homes were evaluated, and two hundred and three residents were randomly blinded. Chi-squared tests were used for comparison for the data analysis. Four outcomes were selected to assess the quality of the care provided by the two groups, they were, patients charts were retrospectively reviewed and the following outcome assessed- Number of presentations to the emergency department (ED), the cost of the visit, and the diagnosis. Number of hospital admissions in general, and the cost of being admitted to hospital. The number of acute visits and diagnoses for that visit. The completion of progress notes, patient histories and assessments. Also the average number of medications used by each subject and the number of telephone calls and / or beeps relayed to the nurse practitioner, was collated. Comparisons were also made between the two groups regarding, diagnosis made during acute visits compared to during hospital admissions, and the comparison between the cost of recurrent admissions versus hospitalization (Aigner, M., Drew, S., Phipps, J., 2004). The results overall did not show a significant difference of care provided by either the NP/physician group compared to the physician only group. No decrease was found in the amount of ED presentations and the costs were approximately the same. There was however a significant difference in the amount of acute visits made by the NP/Physician group , which was likely related to an increase presence of the NP in the nursing homes (P If a similar study was to be conducted again, it would interesting to explore patient satisfaction between the two groups, and the satisfaction of the other staff working within each clinical area. And also to look more into cost effectiveness. Article 2 Macmillian nursing was first introduced to the UK in 1975, and today there are over 2000 Macmillan nurses. The role of the Macmillan nurse is a specialist palliative care nursing role that involves expert clinical skills, consultation, education, teaching and leadership (Corner et al, 2002). In 2007 Ryan -Woolley, McHugh, G. and Lucker, K. conducted a study in Manchester, looking at Macmillan nurses view on nurse prescribing in cancer and palliative care medicine. It looked at the perceived motivators of why specialist nurses felt nurse prescribing would benefit them and their patient groups, and also explored the potential barriers to training for the implementation of this extended role. A national postal survey was sent out to 2225 Macmillan nurses throughout the UK, 70% response rate was achieved (1575), 11% of Macmillan nurses who responded were already trained as extended formulary independent nurse prescribers. Half of the nurses (88 of 168) were able to prescribe from the extended drug formulary. The mean age was 43.9 years (SD 7.3), with a range 26-63 years. The majority of the nurses that responded were either working as palliative care clinical nurse specialists (CNS) (772, 49.0%) or tumour site specific CNS (413, 26.2%). Others were either working as different types of CNS in the community (83, 5.3%), oncology (61, 3.9%) and chemotherapy (19, 1.2%) or as a lead cancer nurse (45, 2.9%) (Ryan-Woolley et al, 2007). Extended formulary independent nurse prescribing (EFINP) was initiated in the UK in 2002, to allow patients to get improved access to medicines and also  make the best use of nurses clinical skills and experience. This differs from independent nurse prescribing, as independent nurse prescribers may need to assess and diagnose and treat patients (Ryan-Wooley et al, 2007). 21% or nurses who completed his survey had completed the EFINP course., some had completed other relevant courses that enabled them to be independent prescribers, and 2% were in the process of completing the EFINP course (Ryan-Wooley et al, 2007). In the surveys the overall agreement was that nurse prescribing improved patients care by enabling them to receive their medication in a timely fashion. One quarter of the prescribers felt there were issues around training, and that the medical mentoring was not adequate. Some felt that the training provided was not specific enough for cancer and palliative care nursing. Out of 88 of the nurses who were already prescribing, 44 were community based, 28 were hospital based, and the other 15 were based in both the hospital and community. The majority of the nurses had been prescribing regularly throughout the past month. The qualifications of Macmillan nurses were mixed with around half having a first degree (57%) but only a minority (244 of 1504, 16.2%) having a Masters degree. Some of the barriers for nurse prescribing that were identified in the survey were; Having a supportive organization and team Having medical support Clinical supervision/mentorship Multi-disciplinary team (MDT) support Appropriate guidelines Financial incentive Supported practice and training once practicing Access to GP computer systems (Ryan-Wooley et al, 2007). Article 3 In 2012 Steiner, K., Carey, N, Courtney, M., did a study on the profile and practice of nurses who prescribe pain medication throughout the United Kingdom (UK). They looked at the nurse backgrounds, experience, work setting and prescribing practice. 214 nurses throughout the UK that were on the Association for nurse prescribing (ANP) website were sent a questionnaire. All participants were qualified as nurse independent /supplementary prescribers (NIP/NSP). The questionnaire included fixed choice and open-ended questions. The questionnaire had four sections; Section 1 covered demographic information (age, job title, area of practice, geographical area, type of services provided, how many nurse prescribers the service had, and what future provisions they had in place for nurse prescribers within that clinical area. Section 2 looked at prescribing qualifications, levels of experience and the area they practiced in. Section 3 focused on nurse prescribing within pain management, including the type of medications prescribed and the number of pain medications that would be prescribed during a typical week. Section 4 asked the nurses about the level of training they had received to become a nurse prescriber, and if they were satisfied with the training program that they had undergone, and if they had any unfulfilled training needs. It also asked them what there preferred training method was. Out of the 214 nurses that responded, 35% were in primary health care and nurse practitioners, 11.7% were pain or palliative care nurses and 10% in emergency care. The nurses worked across a variety of settings, both  primary, secondary and tertiary care. 43.1% prescribed pain medications up to 5 times per week, and 42.6% prescribed between 6-20 times per week, and remainder prescribed upto 50 times per week. The main category nurses prescribed medication for was patients in acute pain post surgery (40.6%), 12% prescribed for patients with cancer or advanced illness (palliative care), 12.1% prescribed for chronic pain. A further 33.6% prescribed for patients with a overlap of different pains. The main types of medication prescribed were as follows- Paracetamol and Non steroidal anti inflammatories (95.3%) Opioids (34.6%) Other medications to treat side effects, such as antiemetic’s, were also prescribed by the nurses. The nurses who worked within a pain service or palliative care service were significantly more likely to prescribe opiates than the other participates (p  The lack of training at an appropriate level (n=9) The lack of support for role development (n=1). The preferred learning methods of the nurses surveyed were: Elearning (74.3%) Journals (69.6%) Formal study days (62.6%) Prescribing forum (57.5%) Work-based learning 45.3%) (Stenner et al, 2012). Despite the relatively low sample size, this study clearly identifies that nurses working in a wide variety of settings throughout the UK are prescribing pain medications. It also identifies that nurses in pain specialist or palliative care roles are more likely to have post graduate education in pain management, and also more likely to prescribe strong opioids. Training and development issues were highlighted. DISCUSSION By 2051, it has been predicted that there will be over 1.14 million people aged 65 years and over in New Zealand (NZ statistics, 2000), by 2051 there is likely to be about half as many older people than children (NZ Stats, 2000). In the last decade, the number of people being diagnosed with cancer has increased by 24% (Ministry of health 2001). Therefore there will need to be sufficient palliative care services to meet the needs of an increasing number of people with cancer. Introducing more NP’s into specialist palliative care services would possible be a good way of managing the increased workload predicted. More NP’s in the community and residential care facilities may also take the strain off tertiary centre’s, by  preventing hospital admissions. To assist with the predicted increase having NP or CNS that can prescribe will help ease the burden. The Acute pain service nurse specialists at Auckland city hospital are currently in the process of applying for expanded practice roles, to allow nurses with the correct post graduated training (according to NZ nursing council framework) to prescribe a limited number of medications, working alongside a designated prescriber. In 2013 the NZ nursing council put together a consultation document for expanded/extended nurse prescribing, it stated â€Å"that the reason for this consultation is to improve patient care by enabling registered nurses to make prescribing decisions so patients receive more accessible, timely and convenient healthcare. The role of the Nursing Council is to ensure public safety in reaching that goal. The reasons for extending nurse prescribing are to: †¢ improve patient care without compromising patient safety; †¢ make it easier for patients to obtain the medicines they need; †¢ increase patient choice in accessing medicines; and †¢ make better use of the skills of health professionals† (NZ Nursing council, 2013). In order for nurses to obtain expanded practice roles, professional development and recognition programs (PDRPs) are being introduced, so nurses have a framework to work to (Kai Tiaki, 2009). As discussed in both articles 2 and 3 there are likely to be some implications to the introduction of this new role, such as financial/time restraints, lack of medical support, standardization of training and on going education needed to remain up to date on current practice (Ryan-Wooley at el, 2007, Stenner at el, 2012). However with the continued shortage of doctors and the continued increase for healthcare, especially within the older population, expanding the role of the nurse is a necessary initiative, which is likely to improve patient outcomes (World health organization, 2006). Introducing expanded nurse roles and designated prescribing into palliative care services within New Zealand, especially in primary and residential home settings, may be a good way of managing the predicted increased need for more palliative care services in the future, secondary to the rise in the older population and the number of people being diagnosed with cancer. As mentioned in the above articles it will provide patients with a more effective service that they can access easily, decrease the burden on doctors, provide a more cost effective service, and likely a more holistic approach to patients (Aigner, M et al, 2004). Also more nurses may be inclined to train for the role as the expectation and education required is less than what is required to be an NP. In relation to my role as a pain nurse specialist and caring for palliative patients with intrathecal catheters, I believe the implementation of expanded practice nursing with designated prescribing and or a Nurse Practitioner role would without a doubt improve patient outcomes. Pain is the most concerning aspect for patients (and their family) facing the end stages of their life, and currently cancer pain is under-treated in nearly 50% of patients (Joshi, M., Chambers, W., 2010). At diagnosis 20-50% of cancer patients present with pain and 70 % of patients with advanced disease will require large doses of strong opiates for pain management (Joshi, M., Chambers, W., 2010). These patients will often end up being admitted into hospital for pain management, and management of associated side effects, and the quality of there life is often very impaired due to the side effects of opiates (drowsiness, nausea, pruritis etc ). According to recent figures from Auckland hospital, the cost of an inpatient bed is over $4000 a day. When patients have intrathecal catheters inserted for their pain management, they require significantly less opiate, and therefore side effects are less. With good pain control and minimal side effects these patients can often  return to there homes and have a better quality of life, and not require recurrent hospital admissions for poor pain control, which therefore saves thousands of dollars to the health service. However due to the possible dangerous complications related to Intrathecal analgesia (infection, catheter migration, overdose) (Sjoberg, L., et al, 1991), specialized nursing management is required in the community (Myers et al, 2009). If there were more specialized Nurse practitioners or CNS with delegated prescribing rights, in the primary care setting, patients could be discharged from hospital sooner and medications titrated and symptoms treated within the patients home, without requiring a Doctor to make changes to prescriptions and therefore providing the patient with more effective and timely treatment. Aside from pain and symptom management, having the advanced knowledge and skills to provide the necessary psychosocial, emotional and spiritual support to both patients and their family is also very important in this patient group (O’Connor, M., Lee, S., Aranda, S., 2012). Often time listening and counseling these patients can be more important than the medications (Meier, D,.Beresford, L., 2006) CONCLUSION According to WHO, 56 million people die throughout the world each year, 60% of these people would benefit from palliative care. With the amount of older people in New Zealand predicted to increase so rapidly in the next 50 years, the need for more advanced practice nurses within this specialty is obvious. A comprehensive framework is required to allow nurses to have a sound professional development plan and providing good clinical support and continued opportunities for learning is necessary. Primary health care settings have been highlighted as an area were NP and CNS are in shortage and likely investment in training nurses with the necessary advanced skills to manage palliative patients in the community will be a cost effective investment in future years by keeping patients out of tertiary care, and likely improve patient and family satisfaction by providing a more holistic  approach to the end stages of life. REFERENCES Aigner, M., Drew, S., Phipps, J.,. (2004). A comparative study of nursing home resident outcomes between care provided by nurse practitioners/physicians versus physicians only. _JAMDA_, 16-23. ANA. (1995 ). _Advanced nursing practice_. Davies, B. H., A.,. (1995). Clarification of advanced nursing practice:characteristics and competence. _Clinical nurse specialist, 9_(3), 156-160. Joshi, M., Chambers, W., (2010) Pain relief in palliative care:a focus on interventional pain management, _Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 10,5,_ 747. Meier, D., Beresford, L., (2006) Advanced practice roles in Palliative care:a Pivotal role and perspective, _Journal of palliative care medicine, 9 (3),_ 624-627 Ministry of Health. (2001).The NZ _Palliative care strategy_. Myers, J., Chan, V., Jarvis, V., Walker-Dilks, C.,. (2010). Intraspinal techniques for pain management in cancer patients:a systematic review. _Support cancer care, 18_, 137-149. Nursing council of New Zealand. (2013). Nurse prescribing consultation document. O’Connor, M., Lee, S., Aranda, S. (2012) _Palliative care nursing-A guide to practice.,_ Ausmed publications, North Melbourne , Austrailia. World health organisation. (2002). _Palliative care plan_. Ryan-Wooley, M., G., Lucker, K. (2007). Prescribing by specialist nurses in cancer and palliative care:results of a national survey. _Palliative medicine, 21_, 273-277. Sjoberg, M., Appelgren, L., Einarsson, S., Hultman, E., Linder, L., Nitescu, P., Curelaru, I., (1991) _Long -term intrathcal morpine and bupivicaine in â€Å"refractory† cancer pain. I. Results from the first series of 52 patients, Acta Anaesthesiology Scand, 35_, 30-43 Statistics, N. Z. (2000). _Population ageing in NZ_. Stenner, K., . Carey, N., Courternay, M.,. (2012b). Prescribing for pain-how do nurses contribute? A national questionnaire survey. _Journal of clinical nursing, 21_, 3334-3345.